Pathfinders, radar & incompetence: The Formidable Failures of the Okinawa Campaign

 OVERVIEW

  1. The Japanese Navy had a suite of radar and radio receiver equipped planes that could home on the unique electronic signature of USN Carrier fighter direction, IFF, radio beacons plus one demonstrated instance of Home on Jam with USS Wisconsin in March 1945.

  2. The USN identified in its battle reports there were radar equipped Japanese control planes, which I refer to as "pathfinders," in addition to the night time radar snoopers shadowing the fleet.

  3. These Pathfinder planes often used window (chaff in modern terms) against fighter director ships and in one case completely neutralized a fighter director ship's radar coverage prior to sinking it (USS Bush).

  4. Some of these pathfinders seemed well piloted enough to play "fade chart games" to penetrate carrier fighter director sensor coverage for strikes against electronically "well fingerprinted" ships AKA Night Carriers. This seems to have happened to USS Saratoga at Iwo Jima and USS Enterprise during the Okinawa campaign.

  5. These pathfinders were either supported by or displaced by land-based signals intelligence and radar during the Okinawa campaign that exploited horrid US Navy operational Security (OPSEC.)

To understand what these pathfinder brought to the table for Okinawa, the standard English text on Kamikaze operations in WW2, "THE DIVINE WIND," gives the following basics WRT command and control loops:

  1. In the Philippines, Kamikaze doctrine had search planes sent out to spot enemy warships or task forces. They'd radio their findings to shore, from which they'd be relayed via telephone to the operations rooms at an appropriate special attack airbase. This reconnisiance cycle usually took about two hours.

  2. By the time the Special Attack (Tokko) base commanders had formulated a plan, briefed the pilots and readied the planes, another two hours would have elapsed; so in total the delta between a spotting and launching of a Tokko mission was four hours.

  3. The Tokko airbases kept track of the progress of the mission through routine radio reports from the aircraft in the air; e.g. "I have sighted an enemy ship", etc.

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